MIE-PDB.16: Advanced Database Systems
Basic Information
- Lecturers and tutors:
- Schedule:
- Lectures: Tuesday 16:15 - 17:45 (T9:351)
- Practices: Tuesday 18:00 - 19:30 (T9:351) (odd weeks only)
- Table with points
Exam Dates
- Monday 14. 1. 2019: 14:30 - 17:00 (T9:105)
- Monday 28. 1. 2019: 10:30 - 13:00 (T9:105)
- Monday 4. 2. 2019: 10:45 - 13:15 (T9:105)
- Monday 11. 2. 2019: 10:45 - 13:15 (T9:105)
- There will be no additional exam dates
Homework Assignments
- 01 - XQuery: Monday 29. 10. 2018 until 23:59
- 02 - SPARQL: Monday 12. 11. 2018 until 23:59
- 03 - MapReduce: Monday 26. 11. 2018 until 23:59
- 04 - MongoDB: Monday 10. 12. 2018 until 23:59
- 05 - Neo4j: Wednesday 2. 1. 2019 until 23:59
Lectures
- 02. 10. 2018: 01 - Advanced SQL: Query Evaluation and Optimization (Michal Valenta)
- 09. 10. 2018: 02 - Advanced SQL: Query Evaluation and Optimization (Michal Valenta)
- 16. 10. 2018: 03 - Introduction: Big Data, NoSQL Databases
- 23. 10. 2018: 04 - XML Databases: XPath, XQuery
- 30. 10. 2018: 05 - Data Formats: XML, JSON, BSON, RDF, Protocol Buffers
- 06. 11. 2018: 06 - RDF Stores: SPARQL
- 13. 11. 2018: 07 - Apache Hadoop: MapReduce, HDFS
- 20. 11. 2018: 08 - Basic Principles: Scaling, Sharding, Replication, CAP Theorem, Consistency
- 27. 11. 2018: 09 - Key-Value Stores: RiakKV
- 04. 12. 2018: 10 - Document Databases: MongoDB
- 11. 12. 2018: 11 - Wide Column Stores: Cassandra, CQL
- 18. 12. 2018: 12 - Graph Databases: Neo4j, Cypher
Practical Classes
Formal Requirements
- Attendance during lectures as well as practical classes is not compulsory, yet warmly recommended
- Altogether 5 individual homework assignments will take place during the semester
- Everyone must choose their distinct topic, not later than at the second practical class
- This topic must always be reported to and explicitly accepted by the lecturer in advance
- Possible topics could be: library, cinema, cookbook, university, flights, etc.
- See the list below for additional suitable topics, feel free to choose your own topic
- Your homework solutions must be within the topic, original, realistic, and non-trivial
- Solutions can only be submitted via a script executed on the corresponding server
- At most 100 points in total can be gained for all the homework assignments
- Solutions are awarded by up to 20 points each
- In case of any shortcomings, fewer points will be awarded appropriately
- Solutions can be submitted even repeatedly, only the latest version is assessed
- Once a given assignment is assessed by the lecturer, it cannot be resubmitted once again
- Delay of one whole day is penalized by 5 points, shorter delays are penalized proportionally
- Should the delay be even longer, the penalty stays the same and does not further increase
- Nevertheless, all assignments must be submitted before the intended exam date in order to be considered
- None of the homework assignments is compulsory, yet all of them are recommended
- During some of the practical classes, extra activity points can be acquired, too
- At least 80 points is required for the course credit to be granted
- Half of all the points above this boundary is transferred as bonus points to the exam
- Only students with a course credit already acquired can sign up for the final exam
- The final exam consists of a compulsory written test and an optional oral examination
- At most 100 points can be acquired from the actual final written test
- In particular, 50 points from the theoretical part and 50 from the practical part
- Having less than 15 points from any of the two parts prevents from passing the exam successfully
- The final score corresponds to the sum of the written test and bonus points, if any
- Based on the result, everyone can voluntarily choose to undergo an oral examination
- In such a case, the final score is further adjusted by up to minus 10 to plus 5 points
- Final grade: 90 points and more for A, 80+ for B, 70+ for C, 60+ for D, and 50+ for E
Homework Assignments
- Preliminaries:
- NoSQL server: nosql.ms.mff.cuni.cz:42222
- Login and password: sent by e-mail
- Tools:
- Submissions:
- Use sftp or WinSCP to upload your files to the NoSQL server
- Put all the files to be submitted into a standalone directory
- Name of this directory must correspond to the assignment name
- I.e. xquery, sparql, mapreduce, mongodb, neo4j (case sensitive)
- Execute submit name from the parent directory in order to submit your solution
- Wait for the confirmation of success
- Should any complications appear, send your solution by e-mail to martin.svoboda@fit.cvut.cz
- Requirements:
- Respect the prescribed names of individual files to be submitted (case sensitive)
- Place all the files in the root directory of your submission
- Do not include shared libraries or files that are not requested
- I.e. do not submit files that were not explicitely requested
- Do not redirect or suppress both standard and error outputs in your shell scripts
- All your files must be syntactically correct and executable without errors
1: XQuery
- Points: 20
- Assignment:
- Create an XML document with sample data from the domain of your individual topic
- Work with mutually interlinked entities of at least 3 different types (e.g. lines, flights and tickets)
- Insert data about at least 15 particular entities (e.g. 3 lines, 4 flights, 8 tickets)
- Create expressions for exactly 2 different XPath queries (i.e. not more, not less)
- Use each of the following constructs at least once
- Axes: descendant or descendant-or-self or // abbreviation
- Predicates (all of the following): path expression (existence test), position testing, value comparison, general comparison
- Create expressions for exactly 3 different XQuery queries (that cannot be expressed solely using XPath)
- Use each of the following constructs at least once
- Direct or computed constructor
- FLWOR expression (with at least one FOR clause)
- Conditional expression
- Existential or universal quantifier
- Requirements:
- Both XML document and queries must be well-formed (i.e. syntactically correct)
- Put each XPath / XQuery expression into a standalone file (e.g. xpath1.xp)
- Always add a comment describing the intended query meaning in natural language via (: comment :)
- Each query expression must be evaluated to a non-empty sequence
- Submission:
- data.xml: XML document with your data to be queried
- xpath1.xp and xpath2.xp: files with XPath expressions
- xquery1.xq, xquery2.xq, and xquery3.xq: files with XQuery expressions
- Execution:
- Execute the following shell command to evaluate each individual XPath or XQuery query expression
- saxonb-xquery -s $DataFile $QueryFile
- $DataFile is the input XML document to be queried, i.e. data.xml
- $QueryFile is a file with query expression to be evaluated, e.g. xquery1.xq
- Software:
- References:
- Server: nosql.ms.mff.cuni.cz:42222
- Do not forget to execute the homework submission script!
- Deadline: Monday 29. 10. 2018 until 23:59
2: SPARQL
- Points: 20
- Assignment:
- Create a TTL document with sample RDF triples within your individual topic
- Use the Turtle notation in particular
- Work with mutually interlinked resources of at least 3 different types (e.g. lines, flights and tickets)
- Insert data about at least 15 particular resources (e.g. 3 lines, 4 flights, 8 tickets)
- Use each of the following constructs at least once
- Object list or predicate-object list
- Blank nodes (either using _ prefix or brackets [])
- Create expressions for exactly 5 different SPARQL queries (SELECT query form in particular)
- Use each of the following constructs at least once
- Basic graph pattern
- Group graph pattern
- Optional graph pattern (OPTIONAL)
- Alternative graph pattern (UNION)
- Difference graph pattern (MINUS)
- FILTER constraint
- Aggregation (GROUP BY with or without HAVING clause)
- Sorting (ORDER BY clause)
- Requirements:
- Both TTL document and queries must be well-formed (i.e. syntactically correct)
- Put each SPARQL query expression into a standalone file (e.g. query1.sparql)
- Always add a comment describing the intended query meaning in natural language via # comment
- Each query expression must be evaluated to a non-empty solution sequence
- Both the data file a query files must contain declarations of all prefixes used, including rdf: and similar
- Use @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . in your data file
- Use PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> in your query file
- Do not use FROM clauses in your queries, the input data file will automatically be accessible as the default graph
- Submission:
- data.ttl: TTL document with your RDF data to be queried
- query1.sparql, ..., query5.sparql: files with SPARQL query expressions
- Execution:
- Execute the following shell command to evaluate each individual SPARQL query expression
- sparql --data $DataFile --query $QueryFile
- $DataFile is the input RDF document to be queried, i.e. data.ttl
- $QueryFile is a file with query expression to be evaluated, e.g. query1.sparql
- References:
- Server: nosql.ms.mff.cuni.cz:42222
- Do not forget to execute the homework submission script!
- Deadline: Monday 12. 11. 2018 until 23:59
3: MapReduce
- Points: 20
- Assignment:
- Create an input text file with sample data from the domain of your individual topic
- Insert realistic and non-trivial data about at least 10 entities of one type
- Put each of these entities on a separate line, i.e. assume that each line of the input file yields one input record
- Organize the actual entity attributes in whatever way you are able to easily parse
- E.g. Medvídek 2007 53 100 Trojan Macháček Vilhelmová corresponding to a pattern Movie Year Rating Length Actors...
- Implement a non-trivial MapReduce job
- Choose from aggregation, grouping, filtering or any other general MapReduce usage pattern
- Use WordCount.java source file as a basis for your own implementation
- Both the Map and Reduce functions should be non-trivial, each about 10 lines of code
- It is not necessary to implement the Combine function
- Comment the source file and also provide a description of the problem you are solving
- You may also create a shell script that allows for the execution of your entire MapReduce job
- I.e. compile source files, deploy input file, execute the actual job, retrieve its result, ...
- However, this script is not supposed to be submitted and serves just for your own convenience
- Even if you do so, it will not be used for the purpose of homework assessment in any way
- Requirements:
- You may split your MapReduce job implementation into multiple Java source files
- They all must be located in the submission root directory
- At least MapReduce.java source file with its public MapReduce class is required
- This class is expected to represent the main class of the entire MapReduce job
- Do not change the way how command line arguments are processed
- I.e. the only two arguments represent the input and output HDFS locations respectively
- Do not use packages in order to organize your Java source files
- Assume that only hadoop-common-3.1.1.jar and hadoop-mapreduce-client-core-3.1.1.jar libraries will be linked with your project
- Do not submit your Netbeans (or any other) project directory, do not submit Hadoop (or any other) libraries
- Use Java Standard Edition version 7 or newer
- You are free to use your /user/t181_login/ HDFS home directory for debugging
- Homework assessment will take place in a different dedicated HDFS directory
- Submission:
- readme.txt: description of the input data structure and objective of the MapReduce job
- input.txt: text file with your sample input data (i.e. only one input file is permitted)
- MapReduce.java and possibly additional *.java: Java source files with your MapReduce implementation
- output.txt: expected output of your MapReduce job (i.e. submit the result of the execution you performed by yourself)
- Software:
- References:
- Server: nosql.ms.mff.cuni.cz:42222
- Do not forget to execute the homework submission script!
- Deadline: Monday 26. 11. 2018 until 23:59
4: MongoDB
- Points: 20
- Assignment:
- Create a JavaScript script with a sequence of commands working with MongoDB database
- Explicitly create 2 collections for entities of different types
- Insert about 5 documents into each one of them
- These documents must be realistic, non-trivial, and with both embedded objects and arrays
- Interlink the documents using references
- Use both insert and save operations, each at least once
- Express 3 update operations (do not use save operation for this purpose)
- One without update operators
- One with at least 2 different update operators
- One based on the upsert mode
- Express 5 find queries (with non-trivial selections)
- Use at least one logical operator ($and, $or, $not)
- Use $elemMatch operator on array fields at least once
- Use both positive and negative projection (each at least once)
- Use sort modifier
- Describe the real-world meaning of all your queries in comments
- Express 1 MapReduce query (non-trivial, i.e. not easily expressed using ordinary find operation)
- Describe its meaning, contents of intermediate key-value pairs and the final output
- Note that reduce function must be associative, commutative, and idempotent
- Requirements:
- Call export LC_ALL=C in case you have difficulties in launching the mongo shell
- Only use your own database when working on the assignment
- Name of this database must be identical to your login name (t181_login)
- Do not switch to your database when you are inside your script
- I.e. do not execute USE database and nor db.getSiblingDB('database') commands
- Specify the intended database outside your script using command line options (see below)
- Note that a different dedicated database will be used when assessing your homework
- You can assume that this database will be completely empty at the beginning
- Print the output of your queries (find operations)
- Use db.collection.find().forEach(printjson); approach for this purpose
- Print the output of your MapReduce job using out: { inline: 1 } option
- I.e. do not redirect the output into a standalone collection
- Submission:
- script.js: JavaScript script with MongoDB database commands
- Execution:
- Execute the following shell command to evaluate the whole MongoDB script
- mongo $DatabaseName $ScriptFile
- $DatabaseName is a name of database that should be used, e.g. t181_login
- $ScriptFile is a file with MongoDB queries to be executed, i.e. script.js
- Software:
- References:
- Server: nosql.ms.mff.cuni.cz:42222
- Do not forget to execute the homework submission script!
- Deadline: Monday 10. 12. 2018 until 23:59
5: Neo4j
- Points: 20
- Assignment:
- Insert realistic nodes and relationships into your embedded Neo4j database
- Use a single CREATE statement for this purpose
- Insert altogether at least 10 nodes for entities of at least 2 different types (i.e. different labels)
- Insert altogether at least 15 relationships of at least 2 different types
- Include properties (both for nodes and relationships)
- Associate all your nodes with user-defined identifiers
- Express 5 Cypher query expressions
- Use at least once MATCH, OPTIONAL MATCH, RETURN, WITH, WHERE, and ORDER BY (sub)clauses (all of them)
- Aggregation in at least one query
- Requirements:
- Describe the meaning of your Cypher expressions in natural language (via // comment)
- Submission:
- queries.cypher: text file with a sequence of Cypher statements
- Execution:
- Execute the following shell command to evaluate the whole Neo4j script
- cat $ScriptFile | neo4j-shell --path $DatabasePath --non-interactive
- $DatabasePath is a path to a directory that should contain / already contains Neo4j embedded database to be used, e.g. /home/t181_login/MyNeo4jDatabase
- $ScriptFile is a file with Cypher queries to be executed, i.e. queries.cypher
- Software:
- References:
- Server: nosql.ms.mff.cuni.cz:42222
- Do not forget to execute the homework submission script!
- Deadline: Wednesday 2. 1. 2019 until 23:59
Individual Topics
- Try to propose your own original topic in the first place
- You can also get inspired by the following topics (in alphabetical order)
-
Adresní místa,
Armáda,
Autobusové nádraží,
Autosalon,
Autoškola,
Banka,
Bankovní účet,
Bazar,
Bezpečnostní agentura,
Blog,
Botanická zahrada,
Burza,
Catering,
Cestovní agentura,
Cestovní kancelář,
Cukrárna,
Cvičiště pro psy,
Čajovna,
Čerpací stanice,
Dálniční poplatky,
Darování zážitků,
Deskové hry,
Diskuzní fórum,
Divadelní hry,
Divadlo,
Dodávka vody,
Docházkový systém,
Dopravní dispečink,
Dopravní nehody,
Dopravní podnik,
Dopravní uzavírky,
Doručování zásilek,
Dotační programy,
Elektronická evidence tržeb,
Elektronické recepty,
Evidence smluv,
Evidence součástek,
Evidence zaměstnanců,
Exekuce,
Farmářské trhy,
Filmy,
Finanční poradenství,
Finanční trhy,
Finanční úřad,
Fitness centrum,
Fotbalová liga,
Fotbalový tým,
Fotoalbum,
Galerie,
Golfové kluby,
Grantová agentura,
Hobby market,
Hodinový manžel,
Hokejová liga,
Horská služba,
Hotel,
Hrady a zámky,
Hudební festival,
Hudební nástroje,
Hudební produkce,
Jaderná elektrárna,
Jazyková škola,
Jazykové pobyty,
Jednání zastupitelstva,
Jeskyně,
Jídelníček,
Jízdenky na autobus,
Jízdní řády,
Kadeřnický salon,
Kamionová doprava,
Kasino,
Katastr nemovitostí,
Kavárna,
Kino,
Kniha jízd,
Knihkupectví,
Knihovna,
Konference,
Kravín,
Kuchařka,
Kurýrní služba,
Kurzy vaření,
Lékárna,
Léky,
Lesní školka,
Letecká společnost,
Letecká záchranná služba,
Letiště,
Letní tábor,
Logistická firma,
Logistické centrum,
Logistický sklad,
Lyžařská škola,
Lyžařský areál,
Mateřská škola,
Menzy,
Městská hromadná doprava,
Mobilní operátor,
Mobilní telefony,
Modely vláčků,
Multifunkční aréna,
Muniční sklad,
Muzeum,
Mýtné brány,
Nabídky dovolené,
Nabídky práce,
Nadnárodní společnost,
Národní park,
Nebankovní půjčky,
Nemocnice,
Nutriční hodnoty,
Obchodní centrum,
Obchodní rejstřík,
Očkování do ciziny,
Odevzdávání úkolů,
Online cvičení,
Online půjčovna seriálů,
Ordinace lékaře,
Orientační běh,
Osobní doklady,
Osobní trenér,
Parkoviště,
Pekařství,
Personální agentura,
Pěstounská péče,
Pizzerie,
Plánovací kalendář,
Plánování termínů schůzek,
Platební karty,
Plavecký bazén,
Počítačové hry,
Pohádky,
Pojišťovna,
Policejní databáze,
Politické strany,
Populární hudba,
Porodnice,
Poslanecká sněmovna,
Pošta,
Požární ochrana,
Pracovní úřad,
Prodej výtvarných děl,
Provoz metra,
Průmyslová zóna,
Předpověď počasí,
Přepravní kontrola,
Přírodní rezervace,
Přístupový systém,
Psychiatrická léčebna,
Půjčování kol po městě,
Půjčovna auta,
Půjčovna lodí,
Půjčovna svatebních šatů,
Realitní agentura,
Redakční systém,
Registr obyvatel,
Regulační poplatky,
Restaurace,
Rezervace letenek,
Rezervace místností,
Rezervace ubytování,
Rezervace v restauraci,
Rozvodná síť,
Rozvoz jídla,
Řízení letecké dopravy,
Řízení projektů,
Sázková kancelář,
Sbírka zákonů,
Sdílené cestování,
Síť bankomatů,
Síť multikin,
Skautské středisko,
Sklad nápojů,
Sklárna,
Sociální dávky,
Sociální síť,
Soudní řízení,
Spediční firma,
Společenství vlastníků jednotek,
Sportovní klub,
Sportovní turnaj,
Správa hřbitova,
Správa objektů,
Správce financí,
Srovnání elektrospotřebičů,
Srovnávač ubytování,
Státy světa,
Stavebnice lego,
Střední škola,
Studijní materiály,
Studijní systém,
Supermarket,
Světové dědictví,
Svoz a likvidace odpadů,
Symfonický orchestr,
Taneční škola,
Taxi služba,
Televizní program,
Televizní seriály,
Turistické cesty,
Turistický oddíl,
Turistický ruch,
Ubytování v soukromí,
Uprchlický tábor,
Válečné konflikty,
Včelař,
Vědecké projekty,
Vědecké publikace,
Velkochov drůbeže,
Velkoobchod,
Veřejná zeleň,
Veřejné zakázky,
Vesmír,
Vězení,
Videopůjčovna,
Virtuální prohlídky,
Víza,
Vlakové nádraží,
Vojenský prostor,
Volby,
Volnočasové kurzy,
Vozový park,
Vydavatelství novin,
Výkaz práce,
Výrobní procesy,
Vysokoškolská kolej,
Výstaviště,
Vývoj softwaru,
Vzdělávací instituce,
Webhosting,
Webový obchod,
Zábavní centrum,
Zahrádkářská kolonie,
Zahradnictví,
Zastavárna,
Zbraně,
Zdravotní pojišťovna,
Zdravotní úhrady,
Zemědělská výroba,
Zimní úklid komunikací,
Zoologická zahrada,
Zpravodajská služba,
Žákovská knížka,
Železniční síť
- Nevertheless, the following topics are not allowed this semester
- Movies, actors
- Airport, flights
Exam Requirements
Advanced SQL
- SQL query evaluation and optimization
NoSQL Introduction
- Big Data and NoSQL terms, V characteristics (volume, variety, velocity, veracity, value, validity, volatility), current trends and challenges (Big Data, Big Users, processing paradigms, ...), principles of relational databases (functional dependencies, normal forms, transactions, ACID properties); types of NoSQL systems (key-value, wide column, document, graph, ...), their data models, features and use cases; common features of NoSQL systems (aggregates, schemalessness, scaling, flexibility, sharding, replication, automated maintenance, eventual consistency, ...)
Data Formats
- XML: constructs (element, attribute, text, ...), content model (empty, text, elements, mixed), entities, well-formedness; document and data oriented XML
- JSON: constructs (object, array, value), types of values (strings, numbers, ...); BSON: document structure (elements, type selectors, property names and values)
- RDF: data model (resources, referents, values), triples (subject, predicate, object), statements, blank nodes, IRI identifiers, literals (types, language tags); graph representation (vertices, edges); N-Triples notation (RDF file, statements, triple components, literals, IRI references); Turtle notation (TTL file, prefix definitions, triples, object and predicate-object lists, blank nodes, prefixed names, literals)
- CSV: constructs (document, header, record, field)
- Protocol Buffers: components (interface description language, source code compiler, binary serialization format), intended usage; schema structure (messages, enumerations), message fields (rules, types, names, tags)
XML Databases
- Native XML databases vs. XML-enabled relational databases; data model (XDM): tree (nodes for document, elements, attributes, texts, ...), document order, reverse document order, sequences, atomic values, singleton sequences
- XPath language: path expressions (relative vs. absolute, evaluation algorithm), path step (axis, node test, predicates), axes (forward: child, descendant, following, ...; reverse: parent, ancestor, preceding, ...; attribute), node tests, predicates (path conditions, position testing, ...), abbreviations
- XQuery language: path expressions, direct constructors (elements, attributes, nested queries, well-formedness), computed constructors (dynamic names), FLWOR expressions (for, let, where, order by, and return clauses), typical FLWOR use cases (joining, grouping, aggregation, integration, ...), conditional expressions (if, then, else), switch expressions (case, default, return), universal and existential quantified expressions (some, every, satisfies), comparisons (value, general, node; errors), atomization of values (elements, attributes)
RDF Stores
- Linked Data: principles (identification, standard formats, interlinking, open license), Linked Open Data Cloud
- SPARQL: graph pattern matching (solution sequence, solution, variable binding, compatibility of solutions), graph patterns (basic, group, optional, alternative, graph, minus); prologue declarations (BASE, PREFIX clauses), SELECT queries (SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses), query dataset (default graph, named graphs), variable assignments (BIND), FILTER constraints (comparisons, logical connectives, accessors, tests, ...), solution modifiers (DISTINCT, REDUCED; aggregation: GROUP BY, HAVING; sorting: ORDER BY, LIMIT, OFFSET), query forms (SELECT, ASK, DESCRIBE, CONSTRUCT)
MapReduce
- Programming models, paradigms and languages; parallel programming models, process interaction (shared memory, message passing, implicit interaction), problem decomposition (task parallelism, data parallelism, implicit parallelism)
- MapReduce: programming model (data parallelism, map and reduce functions), cluster architecture (master, workers, message passing, data distribution), map and reduce functions (input arguments, emission and reduction of intermediate key-value pairs, final output), data flow phases (mapping, shuffling, reducing), input parsing (input file, split, record), execution steps (parsing, mapping, partitioning, combining, merging, reducing), combine function (commutativity, associativity), additional functions (input reader, partition, compare, output writer), implementation details (counters, fault tolerance, stragglers, task granularity), usage patterns (aggregation, grouping, querying, sorting, ...)
- Apache Hadoop: modules (Common, HDFS, YARN, MapReduce), related projects (Cassandra, HBase, ...); HDFS: data model (hierarchical namespace, directories, files, blocks, permissions), architecture (NameNode, DataNode, HeartBeat messages, failures), replica placement (rack-aware strategy), FsImage (namespace, mapping of blocks, system properties) and EditLog structures, FS commands (ls, mkdir, ...); MapReduce: architecture (JobTracker, TaskTracker), job implementation (Configuration; Mapper, Reducer, and Combiner classes; Context, write method; Writable and WritableComparable interfaces), job execution schema
NoSQL Principles
- Scaling: scalability definition; vertical scaling (scaling up/down), pros and cons (performance limits, higher costs, vendor lock-in, ...); horizontal scaling (scaling out/in), pros and cons, network fallacies (reliability, latency, bandwidth, security, ...), cluster architecture; design questions (scalability, availability, consistency, latency, durability, resilience)
- Distribution models: sharding: idea, motivation, objectives (balanced distribution, workload, ...), strategies (mapping structures, general rules), difficulties (evaluation of requests, changing cluster structure, obsolete or incomplete knowledge, network partitioning, ...); replication: idea, motivation, objectives, replication factor, architectures (master-slave and peer-to-peer), internal details (handling of read and write requests, consistency issues, failure recovery), replica placement strategies; mutual combinations of sharding and replication
- CAP theorem: CAP guarantees (consistency, availability, partition tolerance), CAP theorem, consequences (CA, CP and AP systems), consistency-availability spectrum, ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), BASE properties (basically available, soft state, eventual consistency)
- Consistency: strong vs. eventual consistency; write consistency (write-write conflict, context, pessimistic and optimistic strategies), read consistency (read-write conflict, context, inconsistency window, session consistency), read and write quora (formulae, motivation, workload balancing)
Key-Value Stores
- Data model (key-value pairs), key management (real-world identifiers, automatically generated, structured keys, prefixes), basic CRUD operations, use cases, representatives, extended functionality (MapReduce, TTL, links, structured store, ...)
- Riak: data model (buckets, objects, metadata headers); HTTP interface, cURL tool (options); CRUD operations (POST, PUT, GET, and DELETE methods, structure of URLs, data, headers), buckets operations (buckets, keys, properties); links (definition, headers, tags, link walking, navigational steps: bucket, tag and keep components), data types (Convergent Replicated Data Types: register, flag, counter, set, map; conflict resolution policies; usage restrictions), Search 2.0 Yokozuna (architecture; indexation and query evaluation processes; extractors: text, XML, JSON; SOLR document: extracted and technical fields; indexing schema: tokens, triples; full-text index creation, association and usage; query patterns: wildcards, ranges, ...); causal context (motivation, low-level techniques: timestamps, vector clocks, ...); vector clocks (logical clocks, vector of clocks, message passing); Riak Ring (physical vs. virtual nodes, consistent hashing, partitions, replica placement strategy, hinted handoff, handling of read and write requests)
Wide Column Stores
- Data model (column families, rows, columns), query patterns, use cases, representatives
- Cassandra: data model (keyspaces, tables, rows, columns), primary keys (partition key, clustering columns), column values (missing; empty; native data types, tuples, user-defined types; collections: lists, sets, maps; frozen mode), additional data (TTL, timestamp); CQL language: DDL statements: CREATE KEYSPACE (replication options), DROP KEYSPACE, USE keyspace, CREATE TABLE (column definitions, usage of types, primary key), DROP TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE; native data types (int, varint, double, boolean, text, timestamp, ...); literals (atomic, collections, ...); DML statements: SELECT statements (SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, ORDER BY, and LIMIT clauses; DISTINCT modifier; selectors; non/filtering queries, ALLOW FILTERING mode; filtering relations; aggregates; restrictions on sorting and aggregation), INSERT statements (update parameters: TTL, TIMESTAMP), UPDATE statements (assignments; modification of collections: additions, removals), DELETE statements (deletion of rows, removal of columns, removal of items from collections)
Document Stores
- Data model (documents), query patterns, use cases, representatives
- MongoDB: data model (databases, collections, documents, field names), document identifiers (features, ObjectId), data modeling (embedded documents, references); CRUD operations (insert, update, save, remove, find); insert operation (management of identifiers); update operation: replace vs. update mode, multi option, upsert mode, update operators (field: $set, $rename, $inc, ...; array: $push, $pop, ...); save operation (insert vs. replace mode); remove operation (justOne option); find operation: query conditions (value equality vs. query operators), query operators (comparison: $eq, $ne, ...; element: $exists; evaluation: $regex, ...; logical: $and, $or, $not; array: $all, $elemMatch, ...), dot notation (embedded fields, array items), querying of arrays, projection (positive, negative), projection operators (array: $slice, $elemMatch), modifiers (sort, skip, limit); MapReduce (map function, reduce function, options: query, sort, limit, out); primary and secondary index structures (index types: value, hashed, ...; forms; properties: unique, partial, sparse, TTL)
Recommended Literature
- Holubová, Irena - Kosek, Jiří - Minařík, Karel - Novák, David: Big Data a NoSQL databáze.
ISBN: 978-80-247-5466-6 (hardcover), 978-80-247-5938-8 (eBook PDF), 978-80-247-5939-5 (eBook EPUB).
Grada Publishing, a.s., 2015.
- Sadalage, Pramod J. - Fowler, Martin: NoSQL Distilled.
ISBN: 978-0-321-82662-6.
Pearson Education, Inc., 2013.
- Wiese, Lena: Advanced Data Management: For SQL, NoSQL, Cloud and Distributed Databases.
ISBN: 978-3-11-044140-6 (hardcover), 978-3-11-044141-3 (eBook PDF), 978-3-11-043307-4 (eBook EPUB).
DOI: 10.1515/9783110441413.
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2015.
- Zomaya, Albert Y. - Sakr, Sherif: Handbook of Big Data Technologies.
ISBN: 978-3-319-49339-8 (hardcover), 978-3-319-49340-4 (eBook).
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49340-4.
Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.